A.J. Halama, V. Kamerdzhiev, G.R. Rupsch
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
The High Energy Storage Ring (HESR), within the FAIR project, will according to current planning provide anti-proton beams for PANDA and heavy ion beams for a.o. SPARC. With the beam instrumentation devices envisaged in larger quantities, e.g. BPM and BLM, testing is well underway. Other beam instrumentation instruments like Viewer are in late production stage, Scraper is being tested and for the IPM the 1st of series production has started. An overview of the status of the work package beam instrumentation will be presented as well as test bench results of already produced instruments.
J.P. Edelen, J.A. Einstein-Curtis, C.C. Hall, M.J. Henderson
RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
A.L. Romanov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
Funding:This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DE-SC0021699. Noise in beam measurements is an ever-present challenge in accelerator operations. In addition to the challenges presented by hardware and signal processing, new operational regimes, such as ultra-short bunches, create additional difficulties in routine beam measurements. Techniques in machine learning have been successfully applied in other domains to overcome challenges inherent in noisy data. Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are shown to be capable of removing significant leevels of noise. A VAE can be used as a pre-processing tool for noise removal before the de-noised data is analyzed via other methods, or the VAE can be directly used to make beam dynamics measurements. Here we present the use of VAEs as a tool for addressing noise in BPM measurements.
G. Brajnik, R. De Monte
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
M. Cargnelutti, U. Dragonja, P. Leban, P. Paglovec, B. Repič, A. Vigali
I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia
Elettra 2.0 will be the low-emittance upgrade of the present machine, a third-generation lightsource based in Trieste, Italy. The new machine, foreseen to be completed in 2025-2026, will be equipped with 168 beam position readout systems divided into 12 cells. The BPM electronics will be based on the prototypes developed by the laboratory, relying on the pilot-tone compensation technique for assuring the required resolution and long-term stability. The industrialization and production of the BPM electronics system are being carried out in partnership with Instrumentation Technologies, a company that has experience with BPM readout systems within the accelerator field. This paper will present the results of the industrialization of one of BPM system’s key component: the Pilot Tone Front End, focusing on its improvements introduced on electronic and mechanical sides, giving not only a significant performance gain with respect to the previous prototype but also improving robustness and reliability. An overview of the testing procedures that will assure the performance repeatability of the series will also be provided.
S.L. Mathisen, T.H. Pacey, R.J. Smith
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
As part of the development of the CLARA electron accelerator at Daresbury Laboratory, a new analog front end for bunch charge measurement has been developed to provide accurate measurements across a wide range of operating charges with repetition rates of up to 400 Hz. The qualification tests of the front end are presented. These include tests of the online calibration system, compared to a bench Faraday cup test setup; online beam test data with a Faraday cup from 1 to 200 pC; online beam test data with a wall current monitor from 1 to 200 pC, and tests using signal processing such as singular value decomposition. This is demonstrated to enable the measurement of bunch charges in the order of 100 fC using both Faraday Cups and Wall Current Monitors.
S. Brandenburg, M.J. Goethem
PARTREC, Groningen, The Netherlands
T. Delaviere, L. Dupuy, F. Stulle
BERGOZ Instrumentation, Saint Genis Pouilly, France
In conventional proton therapy (PT) typical beam currents are of the order of 1 nA. At these currents dose monitoring is reliably achieved with an ionization chamber. However, at the very high dose rates used in FLASH irradiations (employing beam currents >100 nA) ionization chambers will exhibit large intensity dependent recombination effects and cannot be used. A possible solution is a current transformer. Here we report on the performance of the LC-CWCT (Bergoz Instrumentation, France) which has been developed to push noise floor of such non-destructive current measurement systems into the nano-ampere range. We present first beam current measurements at the PARTREC cyclotron (Netherlands). Beam currents measured by the LC-CWCT and a Faraday Cup were shown to linearly correlate up to the maximum intensity of 400 nA used in the measurements. For pulsed beams, charge measured by the LC-CWCT linearly correlated with pulse length over the measurement range from 50 to 1000 µs. Measurement noise as low as 2.8 nA was achieved. The results confirm that the LC-CWCT has the potential to be applied in FLASH PT for accurate determination of beam current and macro pulse charge.
P.J. Niedermayer, R. Singh
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
Funding:This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under GA No 101004730. A signal generator for transverse excitation of stored particle beams is developed and commissioned at GSI SIS18. Thereby a novel approach using a software-defined radio system and the open-source GNU Radio ecosystem is taken. This allows for a low cost yet highly flexible setup for creating customizable and tuneable excitation spectra. Due to its open-source nature, it has the potential for long term maintainability and integrability into the accelerator environment. Furthermore, this opens up the possibility to easily share algorithms for the generation of waveforms across accelerator facilities. As a first application, the device is used to control the coherence and amplitude of transverse oscillations by excitation in the vicinity of betatron sidebands. It enables measurement of beam parameters like tune and chromaticity. On a longer term, it will be used for more complex tasks such as beam shaping, extraction and automated parameter scans towards these complex processes.
D. Proft, K. Desch, D. Elsner, F. Frommberger, S. Kronenberg, A. Spreitzer, M.T. Switka
ELSA, Bonn, Germany
The ELSA facility utilizes several digital cameras for beam profile measurements on luminous screens and synchrotron radiation monitors. Currently a multitude of devices with analog signal output are being replaced in favor of digital outputs, preferably with data transfer via Ethernet. The increased network traffic for streaming, analyzing, and distribution of processed data to control system and machine operators is managed through a supplementary camera network in which distributed computing is performed by the RabbitMQ message broker. This allows performant and platform-independent image acquisition from multiple cameras, real time profile analysis, and supports programming interfaces for C++ and Python. The setup and performance of the implementation are presented.
M.S. McCallum, A. Lyapin
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
Funding:This work is supported by STFC’s Impact Acceleration Account scheme. Our group is developing a family of compact radio frequency sources aiming to cover 50 MHz to 20 GHz with several models. The primary goal is to provide an alternative to using expensive laboratory generators in permanent installations. In addition, we work towards providing a higher specification than similar telecommunications devices as this is a typical requirement in accelerator instrumentation. We take a minimalistic approach with only a network interface planned, assuming that such a device operates remotely in a large facility. An EPICS interface is in the works for monitoring and control. In this paper, we present the results of rapid prototyping with XMicrowave components. The first measurements show encouraging phase noise performance and spectral purity.
R. Titmarsh
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
J.F. Esteban Müller, J.P.S. Martins
ESS, Lund, Sweden
The Synchronous Data Service (SDS) is a tool to monitor and capture events in the European Spallation Source, building on top of the EPICS control system. Large amounts of data from different input output controllers are acquired and synchronised at the level of beam pulses. The acquisition can be triggered by beam events though the timing system or manually by a user. Captured data is stored in standardised NeXus files and indexed in a database for easy searching and retrieval.
L. Scomparin, E. Blomley, E. Bründermann, M. Caselle, T. Dritschler, A. Kopmann, A. Mochihashi, A.-S. Müller, A. Santamaria Garcia, P. Schreiber, J.L. Steinmann, M. Weber
KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
T. Boltz
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
Modern particle accelerator facilities allow new and exciting beam properties and operation modes. Traditional real-time control systems, albeit powerful, have bandwidth and latency constraints that limit the range of operating conditions currently made available to users. The capability of Reinforcement Learning to perform self-learning control policies by interacting with the accelerator is intriguing. The extreme dynamic conditions require fast real-time feedback throughout the whole control loop from the diagnostic, with novel and intelligent detector systems, all the way to the interaction with the accelerator components. In this contribution, the novel KINGFISHER framework based on the modern Xilinx Versal devices will be presented. Versal combines several computational engines, specifically combining powerful FPGA logic with programmable AI Engines in a single device. Furthermore, this system can be natively integrated with the fastest beam diagnostic tools already available, i.e. KAPTURE and KALYPSO.
L.T. Stant, M.G. Abbott, L. Bobb, G. Cook, L. Hudson, A.F.D. Morgan, E.P.J. Perez Juarez, A.J. Rose, A. Tipper
DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
The UK national synchrotron facility, Diamond Light Source, is preparing for a major upgrade to the accelerator complex. Improved beam stability requirements necessitate the fast orbit feedback system be driven from beam position monitors with lower noise and drift performance than the existing solution. Short-term beam motion must be less than 2 nm/sqrt(Hz) over a period of one second with a data rate of 100 kHz, and long-term peak-to-peak beam motion must be less than 1 µm. A new beam position monitor is under development which utilises the pilot-tone correction method to reduce front-end and cabling perturbations to the button signal; and a MicroTCA platform for digital signal processing to provide the required data streams. This paper discusses the challenges faced during the design of the new system and presents experimental results from testing on the existing machine.
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M. Marich, S. Carrato
University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
L. Bosisio, A. Gabrielli, Y. Jin, L. Lanceri
INFN-Trieste, Trieste, Italy
G. Brajnik, G. Cautero, D. Giuressi
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
L. Vitale
Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Regardless of the different accelerator types (light sources like FELs or synchrotrons, high energy colliders), diagnostics is an essential element for both personnel and machine protection. With each update, accelerators become more complex and require an appropriate diagnostic system capable of satisfying multiple specifications, that become more stringent as complexity increases. This paper presents prototyping work towards a possible update of the readout electronics of a system based on single-crystal chemical vapor deposition (scCVD) diamond sensors, monitoring the radiation dose-rates in the interaction region of SuperKEKB, an asymmetric-energy electron-positron collider. The present readout units digitize the output signals from the radiation monitors, process them using an FPGA, and alert the accelerator control system if the radiation reaches excessive levels. The proposed updated version introduces a new design for the analog front end that overcomes its predecessor’s limits in dynamic range thanks to high-speed switches to introduce a variable gain in transimpedance preamplifiers, controlled by an ad-hoc developed FPGA firmware.
A. Warner, M.R. Austin, L.R. Carmichael, J.-P. Carneiro, B.M. Hanna, E.R. Harms, M.A. Ibrahim, R. Neswold, L.R. Prost, R.A. Rivera, A.V. Shemyakin, J.Y. Wu
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
Funding:* This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics The PIP2IT accelerator was assembled in multiple stages in 2014 - 2021 to test concepts and components of the future PIP-II linac that is being constructed at Fermilab. In its final configuration, PIP2IT accelerated a 0.55 ms x 20 Hz x 2 mA H− beam to 16 MeV. To protect elements of the beam line, a Machine Protection System (MPS) was implemented and commissioned. The beam was interrupted faster than 10 µs when excessive beam loss was detected. The paper describes the MPS architecture, methods of the loss detection, procedure of the beam interruption, and operational experience at PIP2IT.
N. Milas, G.S. Fedel, A.A. Gorzawski, J.J. Jamróz, J.P.S. Martins
ESS, Lund, Sweden
The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction and initial commissioning in Lund, Sweden, will be the brightest spallation neutron source in the world, when its driving proton linac achieves the design power of 5 MW at 2 GeV. Such a high power requires production, efficient acceleration, and almost no-loss transport of a high current beam, thus making design and beam commissioning of this machine challenging. The commissioning runs of 2021 and early 2022 were the first where the master timing system for the linac was fully available. As a consequence of that, the beam actuators and beam monitoring equipment relied fully on timing events sent accross the machine, not only to be triggered to act but also to get the configuration. In this paper, we describe the timing system as available today, present how we define and create the beam pulses using the available parameters. We also present planned future upgrades and other outlook for the system.
J.P. Edelen, N.M. Cook, J.A. Einstein-Curtis
RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
K.A. Brown, V. Schoefer
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
Funding:This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Award Number DE-SC0019682 One of the fundamental challenges of using machine-learning-based inverse models for optics tuning in accelerators, particularly transfer lines, is the degenerate nature of the magnet settings and beam envelope functions. Moreover, it is challenging, if not impossible, to train a neural network to compute correct quadrupole settings from a given set of measurements due to the limited number of diagnostics available in operational beamlines. However, models that relate BPM readings to corrector settings are more forgiving, and have seen significant success as a benchmark for machine learning inverse models. We recently demonstrated that when comparing predicted corrector settings to actual corrector settings from a BPM inverse model, the model error can be related to errors in quadrupole settings. In this paper, we expand on that effort by incorporating inverse model errors as an optimization tool to correct for optics errors in a beamline. We present a toy model using a FODO lattice and then demonstrate the use of this technique for optics corrections in the AGS to RHIC transfer line at BNL.
C. Takahashi, A. Freitas, V. Hardion, M. Holz, M. Lindberg, M. Sjöström, H. Tarawneh
MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Feedforward control loops are used in numerous applications to correct process variables. While feedforward control loops correct process variables according to expected behaviour of a system at any given set point, feedback loops require measurements of the output to correct deviations from the set point. At MAX IV, a generic multi-dimensional input and output feedforward controller was implemented using TANGO Control System. This paper describes the development and use cases of this controller for beam orbit and optics corrections at MAX IV.
R. Broucquart, N. Hubert
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
In the framework of the SOLEIL II project, the diagnostics group must anticipate ahead of the dark period the upgrade of important system like the BPM electronics, the timing system end the Fast Orbit Feedback (FOFB). The FOFB is a complex system that is currently embedded in the BPM electronics modules (eBPM). A new flexible stand-alone platform is under conception to follow the future upgrades of surrounding equipment, and to allow the integration of future correction schemes. In this paper we will present the current status of technical decisions, tests and developments.
M. Masaki, H. Dewa, T. Fujita, H. Maesaka, K. Soutome, T. Sugimoto, S. Takano, M.T. Takeuchi, T. Watanabe
JASRI, Hyogo, Japan
T. Fukui, H. Maesaka
RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Innovative Light Sources Division, Hyogo, Japan
K. Kubota
SES, Hyogo-pref., Japan
K. Soutome, T. Sugimoto, S. Takano, H. Tanaka, T. Watanabe
RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan
We developed a new correction algorithm for closed orbit distortion (COD) based on adaptive feedforward control (AFC). The AFC system effectively works for the suppression of the fast COD due to known error sources with repetitive patterns such as helicity-switching undulators. The scheme aims to counteract error sources by feedforward correctors at the position or in the vicinity of error sources so that a potential risk of unwanted local orbit bumps, which is known to exist for the global orbit feedback, can be eliminated in a reliable and accurate manner. This option is especially advantageous when an error source causes an angular distortion of photon beams such as a fast orbit distortion near undulators. Thus, the AFC provides a complementary capability to a so-called fast global orbit feedback (FOFB) for coming next-generation light sources where ultimate light source stability is essentially demanded. In this talk, introduction to the AFC, its theoretical aspect and advantages, the system overview, the experimental results for the effects of AFC will be presented. M. Masaki, et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. 28, 1758-1768 (2021).
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P.H. Baeta Neves Diniz Santos, B. Keil, G. Marinkovic
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
RF Systems-on-Chip (RFSoCs) are FPGAs with CPUs, multi-GSample/s ADCs and DACs and other components on the same chip. We have evaluated the use of RFSoCs for low-latency multibunch (bunch-by-bunch) feedback and filling pattern (single bunch charge) measurement systems for the Swiss Light Source (SLS) storage ring. First results obtained with an RFSoC evaluation board will be presented.
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W. Viganò, J. Emery, M. Saccani
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
The Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) detectors and electronics are installed along the CERN accelerators to provide measurements of the beam loss as well as protection from them when excessive. Majority of the BLM detector types require voltage biasing up to 2000VDC with the possibility to generate voltage modulation patterns to verify the connection chain of the detectors to the front-ends. Currently, the power supply solution consists of COTS large format power supplies with additional custom electronics and various interconnections to provide monitoring and remote control. For this reason, a market search has been done to identify a high reliability module suitable for dedicated BLM installations composed by a few detectors. The outcome of the market search has justified the need to design a low cost custom board, compatible with the CERN infrastructure and different detector types, as well as allow easy customization to cover various installation architectures and voltage range needs. Main characteristics could be summarized with the following points: completely remote controlled and autonomous system, common hardware for different applications, only need to change DC\DC converter. Other characteristics: few more components for different application and make a model smaller than what is currently used as high voltage power supplies.
P. Leban, A. Bardorfer, L. Bogataj, M. Cargnelutti, M.O. Oblak, P. Paglovec, B. Repič
I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia
G. Kube, F. Schmidt-Föhre, K. Wittenburg
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
Within the PETRA IV project at DESY, the synchrotron radiation source PETRA III will be upgraded into a low-emittance source. The small beam emittance and reduced beam size imply stringent requirements on the machine stability. To meet the requirements on position measurement and orbit stability, a high-resolution BPM system will be installed in the new machine, with about 800 BPMs and MTCA.4-based readout electronics. In the TDR phase of the project, I-Tech and DESY are cooperating on the realization of a BPM prototype that will demonstrate the feasibility of reaching the PETRA IV requirements. Several analog, digital and SW parts are taken from the Libera Brilliance+ instrument and are reused in the MTCA.4 BPM prototype, with some innovations. One of them is the separation of the RF switch matrix used for long-term stabilization: placing it near the BPM enables also the long RF cables to be stabilized. An 8 channel RTM board, able to acquire signals from two BPMs was developed and is also tested. This paper presents an overview of the BPM electronics prototype and the promising test results achieved in the Instrumentation Technologies’ laboratory with the first boards produced.
A. Navarro Fernandez, M. Martin Nieto, F. Roncarolo
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
The operation of wire grids and wire scanners as beam profile monitors can be heavily affected, both in terms of measurement accuracy and wire integrity, by the thermal response of the wires to the energy deposited by the charged particles. Accurate measurements of material emissivity are crucial, as Radiative Cooling represent the most relevant cooling process. In this work, we present a method for emissivity measurements of gold-coated tungsten wires based on calorimetric techniques. The dedicated electrical setup allowed allowed transient and steady state measurements for temperatures up to 2000 K. A theoretical description of the measurement technique will be followed up by the electrical set up description and a detailed discussion about the measured results and uncertainties.
S. Di Carlo, W. Andreazza, D. Belohrad, J. Emery, J.C. Esteban Felipe, A. Goldblatt, D. Gudkov, A. Guerrero, S. Jackson, G.O. Lacarrere, M. Martin Nieto, A.T. Rinaldi, F. Roncarolo, C. Schillinger, R. Veness
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
The ability of reliably measuring the transverse beam profile in its injectors is essential for the operation of the LHC. This report aims to assess the reliability, stability, and reproducibility of the new generation of beam wire scanners developed at CERN in the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU). The study includes data from the over 60000 scans performed in 2021 and 2022, with a special focus on reproducibility, investigation of optimal operational settings to ensure a large dynamic range, and evaluation of absolute accuracy through comparison with other instruments present in the injectors.
F. Rossi, M. Ferianis
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
At the FERMI FEL user facility, a fully optical timing system has been operated, to synchronize it, since the start of machine commissioning, back in 2009. In the past years the system has been progressively extended to support more clients. The latest upgrade is focusing on the pulsed subsystem which provides the phase reference to remote lasers and the bunch arrival monitor diagnostic stations. In origin the pulsed subsystem had a capacity to feed simultaneously six stabilized fiber links. The upgrade to the original layout makes it possible to install up to eight new additional links. Here we will describe the new setup and the results achieved in terms of short- and long-term stability.
Á. Freitas, V. Hardion, M. Lindberg, R. Lindvall, R. Svärd, C. Takahashi
MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
MAX IV is a fourth generation synchrotron facility at Lund, Sweden. It is composed by a full energy linear accelerator and two storage rings with 1.5 GeV and 3 GeV, which requires hundreds of beam position monitors. In this context, Libera Single Pass E and Libera Brilliance+ are employed as BPM instruments. This paper will present an overview of the control system suite used in the facility, including the communication, data acquisition and storage pipelines, monitoring, configuration and software maintainability.
ENeXAr is a data archival tool for EPICS-based systems. It is intended as a complement for traditional data archiving solutions, to cover use cases for which they are usually not designed: mainly for limited-duration high-data rates from a subset of signals. The service is particularly useful for activities related to machine commissioning, beam studies, and system integration testing. Data acquisition is controlled via PV Access RPC commands and the data is stored in standard HDF5-based NeXus files. The RPC commands allow users to define the acquisition parameters, the data structure, and the metadata. The usage of EPICS RPC commands means that the users are not required to install additional software. Also, acquisitions can be automatized directly from EPICS IOCs.
T.B. Ilhan, A. Caglar, D. Halis
YTU, Istanbul, Turkey, Turkey
A. Adiguzel, S. Oz
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
H. Cetinkaya
Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Kutahya, Turkey
E. Elibollar, M.F. Er, A. Inanc, E.V. Ozcan
Bogazici University, Bebek / Istanbul, Turkey
U. Kaya
Istinye University, Institute of Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
A. Ozbey
IUC, Istanbul, Turkey
G. Türemen
TENMAK-NUKEN, Ankara, Turkey
G. Unel
UCI, Irvine, California, USA
KAHVE Laboratory has two functional particle sources: thermal electrons and ionized hydrogen. Each of these are followed by DC acceleration sections, for obtaining an electron beam to accelerate electrons MeV energy level and for providing protons to the radio frequency quadrupole accelerator which are being built. So far both systems have keV energy levels. Both systems employ LabVIEW based GUIs to interact with the user and to control and monitor the DC power supplies. The vacuum gauges, turbomolecular pumps, stepper motors and high voltage power supplies are all controlled with PLCs. The equipment under high voltage, are monitored and controlled via Arduino based wifi and bluetooth wireless communication protocols. The proton beamline has additional devices for beam diagnostics which are being commissioned like pepper pot plate, scintillator screen and faraday cup. Both systems are being standardize before MeV energy level for generalize to national labs which are working on detectors and accelerators. We believe such a setup could be a low budget control and readout example for modern small experiments and educational projects.
